Mac OS X Directory Structure explained
Mar 30, 2007 - 28 Comments
If you have ever looked at your Mac’s root directory and wondered what some of those other directories are for, you’re probably not alone. Mac OS got a whole lot more complex with the advent of OS X, adapting a unix file structure that is largely unfamiliar to Mac OS 9 and Windows users. So just what is /System, /Library, /usr, and all the others for anyway? Here’s a brief explanation of each directory as found in Mac OS X.
By default, if you look in the root of your Mac’s hard disk you’ll see some unfamiliar sounding directories. From the command line, you will see even more if you type ls /. Explained in no particular order:
| Directory | Description |
| /Applications | Self explanatory, this is where your Mac’s applications are kept |
| /Developer | The Developer directory appears only if you have installed Apple’s Developer Tools, and no surprise, contains developer related tools, documentation, and files. |
| /Library | Shared libraries, files necessary for the operating system to function properly, including settings, preferences, and other necessities (note: you also have a Libraries folder in your home directory, which holds files specific to that user). |
| /Network | largely self explanatory, network related devices, servers, libraries, etc |
| /System | System related files, libraries, preferences, critical for the proper function of Mac OS X |
| /Users | All user accounts on the machine and their accompanying unique files, settings, etc. Much like /home in Linux |
| /Volumes | Mounted devices and volumes, either virtual or real, such as hard disks, CD’s, DVD’s, DMG mounts, etc |
| / | Root directory, present on virtually all UNIX based file systems. Parent directory of all other files |
| /bin | Essential common binaries, holds files and programs needed to boot the operating system and run properly |
| /etc | Machine local system configuration, holds administrative, configuration, and other system files |
| /dev | Device files, all files that represent peripheral devices including keyboards, mice, trackpads, etc |
| /usr | Second major hierarchy, includes subdirectories that contain information, configuration files, and other essentials used by the operating system |
| /sbin | Essential system binaries, contains utilities for system administration |
| /tmp | Temporary files, caches, etc |
| /var | Variable data, contains files whose contents change as the operating system runs |
If we forgot anything, or if something isn’t properly described, feel free to chime in with comments.
nice thing, though, i think you missed /private out!
how about /sw ?
/private, /sw, /opt
are three more I have that aren’t listed, are they install specific?
/sw is specific to Fink
/opt is common elsewhere, in OS X it probably means you installed DarwinPorts
/private should probably be on the list.
actually, /etc is a symlink to /private/etc, like /tmp and /var are to /private/tmp and /private/var. Furthermore, you should point out that /private/var/log/ contains all the system logs.
Now what I never understood is the real difference between /System/Library and /Library….
>Now what I never understood is the real difference between /System/Library and />Library….
As U have it understood, /Library holds preferences, fonts, screen savers and the such that are available to all users and not just /Users/auser/Library.
/System/Library is more like services and extensions (similar to os 9) but very different. Thats is my guess.
My question is.. where would one logically install *nix software on OS X. Lets say I want to install Image Magick. Where should I place it? mysql get put into /usr/local/ and php gets put into /usr/lib/. This lib/local stuff has me confused.
> This lib/local stuff has me confused.
/usr is used for files installed through a package manager, such as MacPorts
/usr/local is used for files installed manually, such as something you have compiled. Putting them in /usr/local keeps them separate from the mess of files stored in /usr so it’s easier to manually remove the files (since there isn’t a package manager to do it for you).
[quote]> This lib/local stuff has me confused.
/usr is used for files installed through a package manager, such as MacPorts
/usr/local is used for files installed manually, such as something you have compiled. Putting them in /usr/local keeps them separate from the mess of files stored in /usr so it’s easier to manually remove the files (since there isn’t a package manager to do it for you). [/quote]
Yeh we have the same thing here on linux, that is because both OSX and linux are based on unix one way or another (OSX can be considered more “true” unix though as its based on BSD that is mostly derived from unix, linux however is based more off of minix)
the whole usr/local thing makes perfect sense to me, as we have something pretty much like it here in linux land
simple question: does the /usr/local/bin folder exists in mac os?
/usr/local/ does not exist, the /usr/ directory looks like so:
X11/
etc/
libexec/
share/
X11R6/
include/
standalone/
bin/
lib/
sbin/
This is with developer tools installed, so a standard installation may look different.
Look at Apple.com to see a high level description.
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man7/hier.7.html#//apple_ref/doc/man/7/hier
Hi,
Where can I find /Applications /etc /Network? are these files deletable? If they are, how can I delete them? and how will this affect the OS?
Thanks
It’s ridiculous to try to delete theses folders…
> Where can I find /Applications /etc /Network? are these files deletable? If
> they are, how can I delete them? and how will this affect the OS?
In Finder, Go… Go to Folder and type /Applications or whatever folder you want to get to (shift-command-g for keyboard shortcut people).
Deleting any hidden files is never a good idea unless you know what you’re doing. Deleting the /etc directory will probably make your computer unbootable at the very least.
Why would you want to delete that in the first place?
Hi,
Does /Users/$User/Desktop exist in any Mac OS 10.x, 9.x, etc.
Thx
“ls -lash /” shows me a “/home” folder on my Mac OS X.5. Is this a system created resp. for the system relevant folder or is it a folder I’ve created myself accidentally as I’m (or was
a long-term Linux user?
Would be nice of you guys to type “ls -lash /” and tell me if you have also a “/home” folder on your system.
[...] directory or your machine wouldn’t be working (if it was, it wouldn’t be working very well). See here for an explanation for the directories on your Mac. Note the description for /System: "System [...]
[...] This would be a good start for understanding the directory structure in OS X. If you want your machine to run optimally, use a tool designed for that. There is no need to risk damage by manually manipulating files in directories that you are completely unfamiliar with. I consider myself fairly proficient with OS X for example but I would never manipulate the files in /System by hand. __________________ Upgrading to Snow Leopard FAQ : Incompatible Software for Snow Leopard : 64-bit and Snow Leopard – What 64-bit means for you Website : Twitter M-F MotM – April 2009. [...]
[...] tak to wklep w terminalu polecenie # man hier. Znalazłem też ciekawy artykuł na ten temat w sieci (polecam przeczytanie komentarzy). Kategorie:Uncategorized Komentarze (0) Trackbacki (0) [...]
i have a /home directory, inside that i am not able to create a directory using even “root” user any clue ?.
Well i find in my home dir somthnig like this
drwxr-xr-x 1 501 501 3 2009-09-24 22:52 Application Support:Adobe:Acrobat/
Is any one who can explain to me minings of Application Support:Adobe:Acrobat/
Thanks Lew
Hi,
I have a huge “. ak” folder in my user home folder. What’s that?
I am Using MacPro Machine and having Snow leopard 10.6.6 in my Hard Disk Folder there are same extra folder can i DELATE them? which is showing below in the list here.
• Applications (should be there)
• Library (should be there)
• opt (extra folder can I DELATE this folder)
• Resources (extra folder can I DELATE this folder)
• System (should be there)
• Users (should be there)
• usr (extra folder can I DELATE this folder)
[...] X目录结构的文章中说的那么美好。os [...]
A year ago I moved from a PC to a Mac. Its been a nightmare. After more than a year I still can’t figure out the directory structure of a Mac, and I can never find anything. The directory structure of a PC is a piece of cake in comparison
I’m not a dumb person (a 44 yr oldfinance executive), but man o man! I thought Mac’s were supposed to be more intuitive to work with?
Simon, and they are! what don’t you understand?
Every application is in /Applications, all of your files will be in /Home/Simon/* [Desktop, Documents, Music, etc etc], everything else is basically system related folders and you don’t need to worry about those now. So, that is it!
pretty simple!
If you’re having any doubts drop me a line, maybe i can help you. my contact is on my website under “philip”.
Should be /Users/Simon/* rather than /Home
In what directory should I put SDKs like C++ Boost?